biologia plantarum

International journal on Plant Life established by Bohumil Němec in 1959

Biologia plantarum 38:1, 1996 | DOI: 10.1007/BF02879625

Is there a gas (general adaptation syndrome) response to various types of environmental stress?

Y. Y. Leshem1, P. J. C. Kuiper2
1 Department of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
2 Department of Plant Biology, Biological Center, The University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands

A hypothesis of existence of a general adaptation syndrome (GAS), in which different types of stress evoke similar coping mechanisms, resulting in adaptations, is tested for plants. As stress coping mechanisms, oxy-free radical scavengers and antioxidants, osmoregulation, the role of abscisic acid, jasmonates, nitric oxide, synthesis of heat shock proteins and phytochelatins as heavy metal detoxifiers are discussed.

Keywords: abscisic acid; adaptation; chaperonins; ethylene; heat shock proteins; jasmonates; nitric oxide; osmoregulation; oxy-free radicals; phytochelatin

Received: July 24, 1995; Accepted: September 1, 1995; Published: March 1, 1996  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Leshem, Y.Y., & Kuiper, P.J.C. (1996). Is there a gas (general adaptation syndrome) response to various types of environmental stress? Biologia plantarum, 38(1), 1. doi: 10.1007/BF02879625
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Almoguera, C, Coca, M.A., Jordano, J.: Differential accumulation of sunflower tetraubiquitin mRNAs during zygotic embryogenesis and developmental regulation of their heat shock response. - Plant Physiol.107: 765-773, 1995. Go to original source...
    2. Andrews, C.J., Pomeroy, M.K.: Metabolic acclimation to hypoxia in winter cereals: lower temperature flooding increases adenylates and survival in ice encasement. - Plant Physiol.91: 1063-1068, 1989. Go to original source...
    3. Attree, S.M., Pomeroy, M.K., Fowke, L.C.: Development of white spruce somatic embryos during culture with ABA and osmoticum, and their tolerance to drying and freezing. - J. exp. Bot.46: 433-440, 1995. Go to original source...
    4. Atwell, B.J.: Physiological responses of lupin roots to soil compaction. - In: Loughman, B.C., Gašparíková, O., Kolek, J. (ed.): Structural and Functional Aspects of Transport in Roots. Pp. 251-255. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London 1989. Go to original source...
    5. Barna, B., Adam, A.L., Kiraly, Z: Juvenility and resistance of a superoxide tolerant plant to diseases and other stresses. - Naturwissenschaften80: 420-422, 1993. Go to original source...
    6. Bennet, R.J., Breen, CM.: The aluminium signal: New dimensions to mechanisms of aluminium tolerance. - Plant Soil134: 153-166, 1991. Go to original source...
    7. Bensabat, S.: La Stress c'est la Vie. - Lib. Gen. Francaise, Paris 1991.
    8. Betz, C, Tuomainen, J., Kangasjarvi, J., Ernst, D., Yin, Z., Langebartels, C, Sandermann, H.: Ozone activation of ethylene biosynthesis in tomato. - In: Lichtenthaler, H.K. (ed.): Vegetation Stress. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart - New York 1996 (in press).
    9. Black, M.: Involvement of ABA in the physiology of developing and mature seeds. - In: Davies, W.J., Jones, H.J. (ed.): Abscisic Acid Physiology and Biochemistry. Pp. 99-124. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford 1991.
    10. Blatt, M.R.: Hormonal control of ion channel gating. - Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol.44: 543-567, 1993. Go to original source...
    11. Cabane, M., Calvet, O., Vincens, P., Boudet, A.: Characterization of chilling acclimation related proteins in soybean and identification of one as a member of the heat shock protein (HSP70) family. - Planta190: 346-353, 1993. Go to original source...
    12. Clarke, A.A., Critchley, C: The identification of a heat shock protein complex in chloroplasts of barley leaves. -Plant Physiol.100: 2081-2089, 1992. Go to original source...
    13. Cloutier, Y., Shimonovitch, D.: Correlation between cold and drought induced frost hardiness in winter wheat and rye varieties. - Plant Physiol.69: 256-258, 1982. Go to original source...
    14. Cohen, Y., Gisi, U., Niderman, T.: Local and systemic protection againstPhytophthora infestans induced in potato and tomato plants by jasmonic acid and jasmonic methyl ester. - Phytopathology83: 1054-1062, 1993a. Go to original source...
    15. Cohen, Z., Silva, H., Kessig, D.: Active oxygen species in the induction of plant systemic acquired resistance by salicylic acid. - Science262: 1883-1886, 1993b. Go to original source...
    16. Collins, G.G., Nie, X., Saltviet, M.: Heat shock increases chilling tolerance of mung bean hypocotyl. -Physiol. Plant.89: 117-124, 1993. Go to original source...
    17. Crawford, R.M.: Plant survival without oxygen. - Biologist40: 110-114, 1993.
    18. Crowe, L.M., Crowe, J.H.: Hydration dependent phase transitions and permeability properties of biological membranes. - In: Leopold, A.C. (ed.): Membranes, Metabolism and Dry Organisms. Pp. 210-230. Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1986.
    19. Davies, W.J., Mansfield, T.A., Hetherington, A.M.: Sensing of soil water status and the regulation of plant growth and development. - Plant Cell Environ.13: 703-719, 1990. Go to original source...
    20. Davies, W.J., Zhang, J.: Root signals in the regulation of growth and development of plants in drying oil. - Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol.42: 55-70, 1991. Go to original source...
    21. De Knecht, J.: Cadmium tolerance and phytochelatin production inSilene vulgaris. - P h.D. Thesis, Free University, Amsterdam 1994.
    22. De Knecht, J., Van Dillen, M., Koevoets, P.L.M., Schat, H., Verkleij, J.A.C., Ernst, WHO.: Phytochelatins in cadmium-sensitive and cadmium-tolerantSilene vulgaris. - Plant Physiol.104: 225-261, 1994. Go to original source...
    23. De Kok, L.J., Stulen G.: Role of GSH in plants under oxidative stress. - In: De Kok, L.J., Stulen, G., Rennenberg, H., Brunold, C, Rauzer, W.E. (ed.): Sulphur Nutrition and Assimilation in Higher Plants. Pp. 125-128. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague 1993.
    24. De Vos, C-H.R., Vonk, M.J., Vooijs, R., Schat, H.: Gluthathione depletion due to copper-induced phytochelatin synthesis causes oxidative stress inSilene cucubalis. - Plant Physiol.98: 853-858, 1992. Go to original source...
    25. Donati, Y., Storman, D.O., Polla, B.: Oxidative injury and the heat shock response. - Biochem. Pharmac.40: 2471-2477, 1990. Go to original source...
    26. Elstner, E.F.: Der Sauerstoff: Biochemie, Biologie, Medizin. - BI Wissenschaftverlag, Mannheim 1990.
    27. Farmer, E.E., Ryan, C.A.: Octadecanoid derived signals in plants. - Trends Cell Biol.2: 236-241, 1992. Go to original source...
    28. Feldman, PL., Griffith, O.W., Stueher, D.J.: The surprising life of nitric oxide. - In: Chem. Engn. News. Pp. 26-38. 1993. Go to original source...
    29. Galston, A.W.: Life Processes in Plants. - Scientific American Library, New York 1994.
    30. Gething, M.J., Sambrook, J.: Protein folding in the cell. - Nature355: 33-45, 1992. Go to original source...
    31. Gouloubinoff, P., Gatenby, A.A, Lorimer, G.H.: Gro E heat shock proteins promote assembly of foreign prokaryotic ribulose biphosphate carboxylase oligomers inE. coli. - Nature337: 44-47, 1989. Go to original source...
    32. Grill, E., Winnacker, E.L. Zenck, M.H.: Phytochelatins, the principal heavy-metal complexing peptides of higher plants. - Science230: 674-676, 1985. Go to original source...
    33. Grill, E., Winnacker, E.L., Zenck, M.H.: Phytochelatins, a class of heavy-metal binding peptides from plants are functionally analogous to metallothioneins. - Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA84: 439-443, 1987. Go to original source...
    34. Grill, E., Winnacker, E.L., Zenck, M.H.: Phytochelatins, the heavy-metal chelating peptides of the plant kingdom. - In: De Kok, L.J., Stulen, G., Rennenberg, H., Brunold, C, Rauzer, WE. (ed): Sulphur Nutrition and Assimilation in Higher Plants. Pp. 89-95. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague 1993.
    35. Gudleifsson, B.E.: Metabolic and cellular impact of ice encasement on herbage plants. - In: Jackson, MB., Black, C.R. (ed): Interacting Stress on Plants in a Changing Climate. Pp. 407-422. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York-London-Paris-Tokyo 1993. Go to original source...
    36. Hansikova, H., Frei, E., Schmeiser, H.H., Anzenbacher, P., Stiborova, M.: A reconstituted cytochrome P450 system from tulip bulbs (Tulipa fosteriana L.) oxidizes xenobiotics. - Plant Sci.110: 53-61, 1995. Go to original source...
    37. Harmens, H., Den Hartog, P.R., Ten Bookum, W.M., Verkleij, J.A.C.: Increased zinc tolerance inSilene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke is not due to increased production of phytochelatins. - Plant Physiol.103: 1305-1309, 1993. Go to original source...
    38. Heino, P., Sandman, G., Lang, V., Nordin, K., Plava, K.T.: Abscisic acid deficiency prevents freezing tolerance inArabidopsis thaliana. - Theor. appl. Genet.79: 801-806, 1992. Go to original source...
    39. Hendry, G.: Why do plants have cytochrome P450? Detoxification versus defence. - New Phytol.102: 239-247, 1985. Go to original source...
    40. Hernandez, L.D., Vierling E.: Expression of low molecular weight heat shock proteins under field conditions. - Plant Physiol.101: 1209-1216, 1993. Go to original source...
    41. Horiyadi, P., Parkin K.L.: Chilling induced oxidative stress in cucumber seedlings. - J. Plant Physiol.141: 733-738, 1993. Go to original source...
    42. Howden, R., Goldsbrough, P.B., Cobbet, C.S.: Cadmium-sensitive cad 1 mutants ofArabidopsis thaliana are phytochelatin deficient. - Plant Physiol.107: 1059-1066,1995. Go to original source...
    43. Itai, G., Benzioni, A.: Water stress and hormonal response. - In: Lange, D.L., Kappen, L., Schulze, E.-D. (ed.): Ecological Studies and Synthesis. Vol. 19. Water and Plant Life. Pp. 225-243. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1976. Go to original source...
    44. Jackson, M.B.: Regulation of aerenchyma formation in roots and shoots by oxygen and ethylene. - In: Osborne, D.J., Jackson, M.B. (ed.): Cell Separation in Plants. Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Pp. 263-274. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York-London-Paris-Tokyo 1989. Go to original source...
    45. Jungblut, T.P., Schnitzler, J.P., Feicht, C, Maier, S., Kofferlein, M, Heller, W., Sandermann, H.: Interaction of UV-B radiation and ozone in flavonoid metabolism of Scots pine seedlings. - In: Lichtenthaler, H.K. (ed.): Vegetation Stress. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart - New York 1996 (in press).
    46. Kalir, A., Polyakoff-Mayber, A.: Changes in activity of malate dehydrogenase, catalase peroxide and superoxide dismutase in leaves ofHalimione exposed to salinity. - Ann. Bot.47: 75-85, 1981. Go to original source...
    47. Kangasjarvi, J., Talvinen, J., Utricunin, M., Karyalainen, R.: Plant defense mechanisms induced by ozone. - Plant Cell Environ.77: 783-794, 1994. Go to original source...
    48. Kinraide, T.B., Ryan, PR, Kochian, L.V.: Al2+-Ca2+ interactions in aluminium toxicity. II. Evaluating the Ca2+-displacement hypothesis. - Planta192: 104-109, 1994. Go to original source...
    49. Klein, J.D., Luria, S.: Stress storage heating of apples: temperature and calcium interact in firmness retention and scald reduction. - HortScience29: 194-195, 1994. Go to original source...
    50. Koda, Y., Kikuta, Y., Takazaki, H., Tsujino, Y., Sakamura, S., Yoshihara, T.: Potato tuber inducing activities of jasmonic acid and related compounds. - Phytochemistry30: 1435-1438, 1991. Go to original source...
    51. Kovacs, E., Torok, Z., Horvath, I., Vigh, L.: Heat stress induces association of GRO-EL analog chaperonin with thylakoid membranes in cyanobacteriumSynechocystic PCC 6803. - Plant Physiol. Biochem.32: 285-293, 1994.
    52. Lambers, H., Blacquiere, T., Stuiver, C.E.E.: Photosynthesis and respiration as affected by salinity. II. Interactions between osmoregulation and the alternative pathway. - Physiol. Plant.51: 63-68, 1981. Go to original source...
    53. Leshem, Y.Y.: Interactions of cytokinins with lipid associated withoxy free radicals during senescence: a prospective mode of cytokinin action. - Can. J. Bot.62: 2943-2949, 1984. Go to original source...
    54. Leshem, Y.Y.: Plant Membranes: A Biophysical Approach to Structure, Development and Senescence. - Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1992. Go to original source...
    55. Leshem, Y.Y.: Nitric oxide in biological systems. - Plant Gr. Reg., 1995 (in press).
    56. Leshem, Y.Y., Avtalion, R., Agassi, R., Gottlieb, H., Bach, D.: Manifestations of mechanical stress in membranes: a prospective hypothesis of endogenous expression of exogenous stress signalling. - In: Jackson, MB., Black, C.R. (ed): Interacting Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate. Pp. 27-48. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York - London - Paris - Tokyo 1993. Go to original source...
    57. Leshem, Y.Y., Cojocaru, M., Margel, S., El-Ani, D., Landau, E.M.: A biophysical study of abscisic acid interactions with membrane phospholipid components. - New Phytol.116: 487-498, 1990. Go to original source...
    58. Leshem, Y.Y., Gottlieb, H.E., Bach, D.: Surface tension related mechanical effects of methyl jasmonate on membrane phospholipid. - J. Plant Physiol.144: 691-695, 1994. Go to original source...
    59. Leshem, Y.Y., Halevy, A.H., Frenkel, H.: Processes and Control of Plant Senescence. - Elsevier, Amsterdam 1986.
    60. Leshem, Y.Y., Haramaty, E.: The characterization and contrasting effects of the nitric oxide free radical in vegetative stress ofPisum sativum foliage. - In: Lichtenthaler, H.K. (ed.): Vegetation Stress. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart- New York 1996 (in press). Go to original source...
    61. Lin, C.T., Tomashow, M.F.: A cold regulatedArabidopsis gene encodes a polypeptide having potent cryoprotective activity. - Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun.183: 1103-1108, 1992. Go to original source...
    62. Llugany, M., Poschenrieder, C, Barcelo, J.: Monitoring aluminium-induced inhibition of root elongation in four maize cultivars differing in tolerance to aluminium and proton-activity. - Physiol. Plant.93: 265-271, 1995. Go to original source...
    63. Loubaresse, M., Paulin, A., Dereudre, J.: Effects of freezing on membrane lipid peroxidation of rhododendron roots. - Compt. rend. Acad. Sci. Paris III313: 453-459, 1991.
    64. Loveys, B.P.: How useful is knowledge of ABA physiology for crop improvement? - In: Davies, W.J., Jones, H.G. (ed.): Abscisic Acid: Physiology and Biochemistry. Pp. 245-260. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford 1991.
    65. Macháčková, I., Hanišová, A., Krekule, J.: Levels of ACC, MACC, ABA and proteins as indications of cold hardening and frost resistance in winter wheat. - Physiol. Plant76: 603-607, 1989. Go to original source...
    66. Malan, C, Greyling, M.M., Gressel, J.: Correlations between Cu, Zn, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase and environmental and xenobiotic stress tolerance in maize inbreds. - Plant. Sci.69: 157-166, 1990. Go to original source...
    67. McElwain, E.F., Spiker, S.: Molecular and physiological analysis of a heat shock response in wheat. - Plant Physiol.99: 1455-1460, 1992. Go to original source...
    68. McKersie, B.D.: The role ofoxy free radicals in mediating freezing and desiccation stress in plants. - In: Pell, E., Steffen, K. (ed.): Active Oxygen/Oxidative Stress and Plant Metabolism. Pp. 107-118. Amer. Soc. Plant Physiol., Rockville 1991.
    69. McKersie, B.D., Cohen, Y., de Beus, M., Bowler, C, Inze, D., Halluin, K., Bothman, J.: Superoxide dismutase enhances tolerance of freezing stress in transgenic alfalfa. - Plant Physiol.103: 1155-1163, 1993. Go to original source...
    70. McKersie, B.D., Leshem, Y.Y.: Stress and Stress Coping Strategies in Cultivated Plants. - Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1994. Go to original source...
    71. McKersie, B.D., Mehdy, M.C.: Active oxygen species in plant defense against pathogens. - Plant Physiol.105: 467-472, 1994. Go to original source...
    72. Meier, S., Kanner, J., Akiri, B., Philosoph-Hadas, S.: Determination and involvement of aqueous reducing compounds in oxidative defence systems of various senescing leaves. - J. Agr. Food Chem.43: 1813-1819, 1995. Go to original source...
    73. Neumann, D., Lichtenberger, O., Gunter, D., Tschiersch, K., Nover, Z.: Heat shock proteins induce heavy metal tolerance in higher plants. - Planta194: 360-367, 1994. Go to original source...
    74. Nover, L., Scharf, K.D., Neumann, D.: Cytoplasmic heat shock granules are formed from precursor particles and are associated with a special set of mRNAs. - Mol. cell. Biol.9: 1298-1308, 1989. Go to original source...
    75. Ober, E.S., Sharp, R.E.: Proline accumulation in maizeZea mays L.) primary roots at low water potentials. I. Requirements for increased levels of abscisic acid. - Plant Physiol.105: 981-987, 1994. Go to original source...
    76. Orr, W., Iu, B., White, T.C., Robert, L.S., Singh, J.: Complementary DNA sequence of a low temperature inducedBrassica napus gene with homology to theArabidopsis thaliana kin 1 gene. - Plant Physiol.98: 1532-1534, 1992. Go to original source...
    77. Pages, M. Vilardell, J., Jensen, A.B., Mar Alba, M., Torrent, M., Goday, A.: Molecular biological responses to drought in maize. - In: Jackson, M.B., Black, C.R. (ed.): Interacting Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate. Pp. 583-585. Springer-Verlag, Berlin - Heidelberg - New York - London - Paris - Tokyo 1993. Go to original source...
    78. Pastori, G.M., Trippi, V.S.: Oxidative stress induced high rate of glutathione reductase synthase in drought resistant maize strain. - Plant Cell Physiol.33: 957-961, 1992.
    79. Perl, A., Perl-Treves, R., Galili, S., Aviv, D., Shalgi, E., Malkin, S., Galun, E.: Enhanced oxidative stress defense in transgenic potato expressing tomato Cu, Zn superoxide dismutases. - Theor. appl. Genet.85: 568-576, 1993. Go to original source...
    80. Pesis, E., Mariansky, R., Zauberman, G., Fuchs, Y.: Prestorage low oxygen atmosphere treatment reduces chilling injury systems in Fuerte avocado fruit. - HortScience29: 1042-1046, 1994. Go to original source...
    81. Polyakoff-Mayber, A., Lerner, H.R.: Plants in saline environments. - In: Pessarakli, M. (ed.): Handbook of Plant Stress. Pp. 65-96. Marcel Dekker, New York 1994.
    82. Price, A.H., Hendry, G.A.F.: Iron catalyzed oxygen radical formation and its possible contribution to drought damage in nine grasses and three cereals. - Plant Cell Environ.14: 477-484, 1991. Go to original source...
    83. Pryor, W., Squadrito, G.L.: The chemistry of peroxynitrite: a product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide. -Amer. J. Physiol.268 (Suppl.): L699-L722, 1995. Go to original source...
    84. Rauser, WE.: Phytochelatins. - Annu. Rev. Biochem.59: 61-86, 1993. Go to original source...
    85. Rhizopoulos, S., Davies, W.J.: Leaf and root growth dynamics inEucalyptus globulus seedlings grown in drying soil. -Trees1: 8-10, 1993. Go to original source...
    86. Rikin, A., Dilliwith, J.W., Bergman, D.K.: Correlation between circadian rhythm of resistance to extreme temperatures and changes in fatty acid composition. - Plant Physiol.101: 31-36, 1993. Go to original source...
    87. Sanxter, S.S., Nishiyima, K.A., Chan, J.T.: Heat treating of Sharvil avocado for cold tolerance in quarantine cold treatment. - HortScience29: 1166-1168, 1994. Go to original source...
    88. Satler, S.O., Thimann, K.V.: Le jasmonate de methyl: nouveau et puissant promoteur de la sénescence des feuilles. -Compt. rend. Acad. Sci. Paris III293: 735-740, 1981.
    89. Scandalios, J.G.: Oxygen stress and superoxide dismutase. - Plant Physiol.101: 7-12, 1993. Go to original source...
    90. Selye, H.: A syndrome produced by various noxious agents. - Nature138: 32-34, 1936. Go to original source...
    91. Selye, H.: Stress Without Distress. - Signet Books, New York 1975. Go to original source...
    92. Shih, C.Y., Dumbroff, E.B., Thompson, J.E.: Identification of a naturally occurring inhibitor of the conversion of ACC to ethylene by carnation microsomes. - Plant Physiol.89: 1053-1059, 1989. Go to original source...
    93. Simontacchi, M., Puntarulo, S.: Oxy-radical generation by isolated microsomes from soybean seedlings. - Plant Physiol.100: 1263-1268, 1992. Go to original source...
    94. Steffens, J.C.: The heavy-metal binding peptides of plants. - Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol.41: 553-575, 1990. Go to original source...
    95. Steponkus, P.J.: A unified concept of stress in plants? - In: Rains, D.W., Valentine, R.C., Hollaender, A. (ed.): Genetic Engineering of Osmoregulation. Pp. 235-256. Plenum Press, New York 1979. Go to original source...
    96. Stoller, S.: The Cultivation of the Date Palm in the Land of Israel. - Kibbutz Hameuchad Press, Tel Aviv 1977.
    97. Stushnoff, C, Remmele, R.L., Essensee, V., McNeil, M: Low temperature induced biochemical mechanism: implications for cold acclimation and de-acclimation. - In: Jackson, M.B., Black, C.R. (ed.): Interacting Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate. Pp. 647-657. Springer-Verlag, Berlin - Heidelberg - New York - London - Paris - Tokyo 1993. Go to original source...
    98. Tarczynzki, M.C., Jensen, R.G., Bohnet, H.J.: Stress protection of transgenic tobacco by production of osmolyte mannitol. - Science259: 508-510, 1993. Go to original source...
    99. Triantaphylides, C, Banzet, N., Ferullo, J.M., Larrigandiere, C, Nespoulos, L.: Stress responses of tomato fruit tissue submitted to massive doses of ionizing radiation. - Proc. royal Soc. Edinburgh102B: 97-105, 1994.
    100. Vierstra, R.D.: Protein degradation in plants. - Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol.44: 385-410, 1993. Go to original source...
    101. Voesenek, L., Van der Sman, A., Harren, F., Blom, C: An amalgamation between hormone physiology and plant ecology: a review of flooding resistance and ethylene. - J. Plant Growth Regul.11: 171-188, 1992. Go to original source...
    102. Wang, C.Y., Buta, J.G.: Methyl jasmonate reduces chilling injury inCucurbita pepo through its regulation of ABA and polyamine levels. - Environ, exp. Bot.34: 427-432, 1994. Go to original source...
    103. Willekens, H., Van Kamp, W., Van Montagu, M., Inze, D., Langebartels, C, Sandermann, H.: O3, SO2 and UV-B have similar effects on mRNA accumulation of antioxidant genes inNicoticma plumbaginifolia. - Plant Physiol.106. 1007-1014, 1994. Go to original source...
    104. Yang, S.F., Dong, J.G., Fernandez-Maculet, J.C., Olson, D.C.: Apple ACC oxidase: purification and characterization of the enzyme and cloning of its cDNA. - In: Peche, J.C., Laché, A., Balagué, C. (ed.): Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Plant Hormone Ethylene. Pp. 59-64. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1993. Go to original source...
    105. Zeiger, E.: The biology of stomatal guard cells. - Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol.38: 95-117, 1983. Go to original source...

    Return to the content