Using the statistical analysis of leaf wator potential (ψ daily course of forest tree species (Quercus cerris, Acer campestre andCarpinus betulus) we have determined the optimal times of ψ measurement (i.e. at 08.00, 10.00 and 16.00) making possible the calculation of the ψ daily course resp. ψ-value at any time. The accuracy of the calculation does not deviate much from the errors of ψ measurement. The probable error of a single ψ-measurement was forQ. cerris 0.06 MPa and for bothA. campestre andC. betulus it was 0.05 MPa.

Detailed karyological analyses have been made of the five biotypes ofPennisetum pedicellatum Trin. These biotypes not only differ in some morphological traits but also in their chromosomal characteristics. Biotype-B with 2n = 48 chromosomes shows constancy, while in the other four 2n = 36 and 64 are found to be "floating". Other numerical variations include 2n = 42 and 18 chromosomes. Minute karyological differences are not only noted amongst the biotypes, but also there are variations in the complements within a biotype. Such variations are presumed to be buffered through the apomictic mode of reproduction. From the morphological and cytological studies, the possibility of separation of biotype-B from the complex in future has been envisaged.

The morphoregulatory effect of FeEDTA chelating complex was verified in an androgenically more productive cultivar of tobacco White Burley and inDatura innoxia Mill. The presence of EDTA in Nitsch (1969) medium (N medium) was sufficient for the conversion of isolated embryoids and embryoids in anthers into complete plants. The androgenic development was most rapid in N medium with FeEDTA. In N medium with EDTA, the cultures developed more slowly and remained vital for a long time. In the medium without EDTA, new embryoids developed continuously. The embryoids arose and developed also in closed anthers. All embryoids which arose in anthers cultured on N medium were capable of forming complete plants. The threshold morphoregulatory concentration of FeEDTA was 40 μM FeEDTA per 1 litre of medium for embryoids in anthers and 30 μM FeEDTA per 1 litre for isolated embryoids. The dark brown colour of the anthers of tobacco andD. innoxia was due to the presence of iron (FeEDTA) in the culture medium. The morphoregulatory effect of EDTA in N medium is explained by the formation of a complex with iron present in the form of pollution of chemicals and agar. This amount of iron in complex with EDTA is sufficient for the conversion of embryoids into plants, but it is insufficient for the browning of anthers.

Developmental changes in poly(A)-bearing RNA in male tobacco gametophyte were examined by sedimentation analysis and by hybridization with³H-poly(U). The results indicate that the transition of microspore undergoing postmeiotic division to mature pollen is accompanied by characteristic changes in RNA and poly(A) content and the size of poly(A)⁺RNA.
The volume of pollen grain increases about 2times, total RNA per grain from 34 to 230 pg and poly(A) from 22 to 450 fg, which together with the estimated increase in the number average size of poly(A)⁺RNA from 700 to 2 100 nucleotides suggests an approx. rise of RNA containing poly(A) from 0.3 to 2.7% of total RNA. Size distribution of the populations of polyadenylated RNAs shows progressive formation of species with a higher molecular mass and differentiation of the pollen-characteristic pattern with main sedimentation maxima close to 12S, 19S and 26S. This pattern remains almost unchanged during 8 h of pollen tube growth and is also found in polysomes formed at the beginning of germination. The amount of poly(A) decreases gradually after the onset of soaking at a rate of slightly more than 1 % per h within 24 h of pollen cultivation.
As a whole, the results demonstrate that in the course of pollen maturation a specific population of polyadenylated mRNAs is formed which persists as stored mRNA in quiescent pollen and is used as template during-pollen tube formation.

ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase level and mechanisms regulating its activity were studied in cucumber plants infected with the cucumber mosaic virus at the stage of chronic infection. Studies carried out with partially purified preparations of the enzyme have shown that there was no substantial difference in the regulatory influence of the ratio 3-PGA/P₁, or in the number of binding sites of the effectors on the enzyme, but that the virus infection reduced the level of the enzyme in the tissues to 74% of the control and the 3-PGA/P₁ ratio to one half which resulted in a further decrease in ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity. In crude homogenate prepared from diseased plants, activity of the enzyme was reduced to 42% of the healthy control.
The level of UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase was three times higher in cucumber leaf tissues than the level of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase which was inhibited by both 3-PGA and P₁. Inhibitory effects of both these effectors were cumulated. The enzyme isolated from healthy plants was inhibited by inorganic phosphate more strongly than the enzyme isolated from diseased plants. UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity was increased in crude homogenate of diseased plants to 127% of the healthy control when the level of the enzyme was the same in the tissues of both healthy and diseased plants which was presumably connected with the enhanced rate of sucrose catabolism.

Individual specimen trees (or replicated clonal material) of 33 species and hybrids in theCupressaceae andTaxodiaceae were injected with gibberellic acid (GA₃) solutions, to test the general applicability of cone induction techniques developed forThuja plicata. Reproductive material for taxonomic study was subsequently available in 82% of treated taxa, compared with 39% of untreated. The latter generally produced small numbers of male or female cones, but both were formed in abundance in half the hormone-treated taxa. Eleven species and hybrids are reported for the first time as responding to GA₃.

Salinity had a varying effect on stomatal frequency, size and pore in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). This variation in stomatal frequency, size and pore under salinity offers a scope of selecting cultivars with lesser increase in stomatal number to avoid excessive loss of water due to transpiration without effecting photosynthetic efficiency.

Nitrate reductase (NR) activity estimated byin vivo andin vitro methods in 17 days old pea seedlings is the highest in young fully expanded leaves (4th leaf from the stem base). NO₃-N content is parallel to the NR activity being also highest in the 4th leaf. On the other hand the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) is the highest in the youngest leaves which had not yet reached their maximum size (5th leaf). Equilibrium between NO₃-N content and activity of enzymes involved in assimilation of nitrogen containing compounds in individual leaves is discussed in relation to their insertion.

α-N-Benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPA) hydrolytic enzyme was partially purified from cotyledons of mature dry seeds ofVigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, cv. Seridó. Extracts of a finely ground meal ofVigna seeds were obtained with 0.02 M phosphate buffer (KH₂PO₄/ /Na₂HPO₄) pH 7.6. A protein fraction was obtained from the extracts by ammonium sulfate precipitation (25 to 50% saturation). This protein fraction was subjected to chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. A separated fraction of the cellulose column presented one main component and two minor bands as seen on polyacrylamide gels. The main component of the separated fraction gave a positive reaction with BAPA and acetyl-DL-phenylalanine-β-naphthyl ester (APNE). This fraction shows a molecular mass of 60 000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, pH 7.6.
The BAPA-ase activity was stable at pH values of 7.0 to 9.0 and no decrease in activity was observed by heating at 40 °C up to 40 min. The activity was not affected by PMSF, EDTA, cysteine,p- CMB, and IAC but was inhibited by NEM and strongly inhibited by TLCK.
Leucine-p-nitroanilide (LPA) hydrolytic enzyme properties were also determined. This activity was inhibited by PMSF,p- CMB, and NEM.

Coumarin-caused stimulation of rooting of cuttings ofImpatiens balsamina L. is associated with an increase in the endogenous contents of carbohydrates, total phenols and proteins. Peroxidase, IAA oxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities also increased in coumarin treated cuttings at the time of cell division preceding primordia formation (6-12 h after treatment). Coumarin effect on rooting as well as on related biochemical changes resembles the effect of auxins in some ways.

An investigation has been carried out to find out in what compounds carbon is radially transported from stele to the cortex and to study sucrose metabolism in the root. These tissues were fed with¹⁴C-sucrose either directly or through the mesocotyle. In the latter case, the bulk of radioactivity, both in the stele and cortex, was concentrated in sucrose rather than in mono saccharides. This corresponds to the radial transport of carbon from stele to cortex predominantly in the form of sucrose. In the case of a direct exposure of stele and cortex,¹⁴C-sucrose was utilized for respiration, amino acid biosynthesis, and accumulation of carbon in the form of glucose. The hydrolysis of sucrose to the monosaccharides and subsequent utilization of the latter in respiration was more intensive in the stele. In the cortex, the sucrose carbon was more actively used for amino acid synthesis, owing to a high concentration of nitrate reductase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase. It was concluded that the cortex is the main issue zone providing nitrogen assimilation in the root.

The effects of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP, 5.10^-5M) treatment of pumpkin cotyledons and their starvation after excision upon polysome/monosome ratio and translational capacity of polysomes in cell-free system were studied. It has been found that starvation causes a progressive polysome degradation. Polysome translation in a wheat germ cell-free proteinsynthesizing system reveals that the translation capacity of polysome preparations decreases with the time after cotyledon excision much more sharply than polysome/monosome ratio. This indicates the starvation damage in elongation steps of protein synthesis. The decrease of postribosomal supernatants activity in the system of poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis confirms this conclusion.
BAP treatment brings about a very rapid monosome mobilization into polysomes and activation of cell-free translation of ribosome preparations which is however closely parallel to the polysome percentage in them. That means that during this initial period of BAP action only protein synthesis initiation is under BAP control. The experiments with aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) support this idea.

Growth correlations in the shoot apical meristem during transition to flowering were studied in a quantitative long day plant,Brassica campestris L. cv. Ceres, requiring only one long day for floral initiation. During photo-inductive exposure of the plants, an overall increase in cell number could be observed at the shoot apex concomitant with promotion of leaf initiation. Release from apical dominance and decline in relative growth rate of leaf primordia are reported as early effects of photo-induction. With the onset of floral differentiation, production of new leaf primordia had stopped altogether. Maximum increase in RNA concentration could be noticed in axillary meristems following photoperiodic treatment, whereas in vegetative plants the highest RNA concentration was found in leaf primordia. The significance of these changes occurring during transition to flowering is discussed.

Proteolytic activities were studied in cotyledons of germinated and mature dry seed and axis of mature dry seed ofVigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Seridó using the following substrates: hemoglobin (pH 3.5), casein (pH 6.0), LPA (pH 7.0), and BAPA (pH 7.6). During the germination period (six days) examined, the total activities of LPA-ase and BAPA-ase decreased progressively in cotyledons corresponding to protein depletion. Consequently, the specific activities of the above proteases remain practically constant. In the case of caseinase and hemoglobinase, total activities increased in the cotyledons up to the third day of germination. Thereafter there was a decrease in these activities (total) but an increase in specific activities. Higher values than in the cotyledons for all the activities were obtained with the axis of mature dry seed. A 25 to 50 % ammonium sulfate fraction of a buffered extract from mature dry seed was used as source of enzyme for all the substrates used. Sephadex G-100 chromatography of the 25 to 50 % (NH⁴)²SO⁴ fraction gave two main peaks which correspond to relative molecular mass of 100 000 and 60 000 and contained all the activities.

Effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) was studied onNigella sativa to note the changes in mitosis, DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. The chemical affected division frequency considerably and chromosomal abnormalities like sticky bridge, fragmentation, micronucleietc. were recorded. By using precursors of nucleic acid and protein synthesis, it was found that DNP also inhibited DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. The decrease in division frequency can be correlated with the DNA synthesis.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to study the differences in patterns of the isoperoxidase spectrum in leaf tissues of the genome series (2n, 3n, 4n) of twoNicotiana tabacum L. cultivars,i.e. in the growth stage of the 5th-6th and 10th-11th leaf, and in the stage of elongation growth. Mutual comparisons of the cultivars showed that the variability and difference in patterns between the cultivars in later growth stages was more important. In both cultivars only one rapidly migrating main band of isoenzymes was registered within the range of Rm 0.45-0.77; only in the stage of elongation growth on the 2n and 4n levels two bands were recorded. No association between the number of genomes and the number or distribution of isoperoxidases was found.

Sucrose synthetase was purified about 130-fold from morning-glory (Pharbitis nil Choisy cv. Murasaki) callus cells, and the properties of sucrose synthesis and cleavage activities of the enzyme were compared.
The enzyme preparation gave a single band by disc electrophoresis. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 4.2 × 10⁵ by gel filtration. The enzyme preparation gave two bands by SDS disc electrophoresis, suggesting the molecular mass of about 3.8 ×10⁴ and 7.0 × 10⁴.
The pH optima of sucrose synthesis and cleavage activities of the enzyme were different from each other, giving pH 9.0 and pH 6.5 respectively. MgCl², MnCl² and CaCl² activated the sucrose synthesis activity about two times the normal rate and conversely inhibited the sucrose cleavage activity.
F-6-P was not replaced by fructose. UDP was the only valuable substrate as a nucleotide diphosphate.
The enzyme showed the negative ecoperativity effect of UDPG suggesting to be an allosteric enzyme. The Km values of sucrose and fructose were calculated to be 167 mM and 5 mM, respectively. UDP suggested substrate inhibition. The apparent equilibrium constant varied between 1 to 3.
Based on these results, the role of the enzyme in the sucrose metabolism of morning-glory callus cells will be discussed.

Results obtained by comparison of similarity of seed protein spectra of 15 species of the genusAllium (in 22 samples) by means of immunochemical methods more or less correspond to the contemporary division of this genus. Species belonging to the sectionCepa (according to Vvedenskiy) andPhyllodolon have very similar spectra, which suggests that they either should be allocated to one sectionCepa or to two subsections (Cepa andPhyllodolon). Species belonging to the subgenusRhizirideum considerably differ in seed proteins. The investigated species of the subgenusMelanocrommyum show the most distinct spectrum of all the other analyzed representatives, less marked differences were found in the case of the representatives of the subgenusAllium.