The previously found (Slavík, 1959) distribution pattern of osmotic pressure of cell sap in the area of the leaf blade of dicotyledonous type which is independent of the water balance and unchanged even with zero diffusion pressure deficit, was complemented by further data concerning the physiological heterogeneity of the adult leaf blade ofNicotiana sanderae hort. in relation to water relations and CO₂ exchange.
The transpiration rate from the intact leaf surface was found to be about 50 to 70 per cent lower in the apical part of the blade than in the basal part. The natural permanent water saturation deficit was found to be about 10 per cent lower in the apical part. The stomata density in tobacco as well as in sugar beet leaves were on an average 40 per cent lower in the apical part, their size being here 30 per cent higher. The relative index of the area of the stomata pores (density × square of the pore length) did not differ significantly in the two places. The photosynthetic rate (per area) in fully water saturated leaves was found to be 17 per cent lower in the apical part of the blade, the chlorophyll content (per unit area) being greater in the thicker apical part. Respiration rate measured manometrically as Q_O2 was significantly lower in the apical part, both when calculated according to area and to dry weight (12 per cent). Similar but much lower differences were found between the edge and the central part of the leaf blade.
This physiological heterogeneity and polarity of the leaf blade originating in the ontogenesis of its extension growth is causally based on the different relative hydration levels. Thus the study of various physiological processes in different parts of the leaf blade is suitable for the investigation of their relationship to different hydration levels.

Changes in the osmotic potential of the cell sap in passive water balance (wilting) of parts of the leaf blade were determined in relation to increasing water saturation deficit. Theoretically it could be assumed that the water lost in passive water balance comes from the total cell water equally, hence also from an aliquot part from the water contained in the cell sap. In that case the concentration of the cell sap would increase in proportion to the growing water saturation deficit. In the absolute majority of investigated cases, the osmotic pressure increased (the osmotic potential fell) more steeply than corresponded theoretically to the loss of water at the time. From the difference observed between the mentioned theoretical course and the values found, an estimate of the percentage of "mobile" water in the cell, i.e. that part which was always directly involved in changes in the water content in the cell, was calculated. This "mobile" water in adult leaves constituted about 70 to 80 per cent. The proportion of "mobile" water was dependent on the rate of development of the water saturation deficit: When the wilting was rapid the amount observed in adult leaves was smaller than in the case of slow wilting. This proved that the "mobile" proportion of the cell water is determined according to the water balance by a dynamic equilibrium of intracellular diffusion currents of water according to gradients of the potential between the different parts of cell water which are determined by different linkage ("bound" water) as well as different localization in the cell.

1. Humussäure (Humussäure Riedel-de Haen A. G. Seelze-Hannover als K-Salz) stimulierte im Dunkeln genau so wie im Lichte am stärksten die Entwicklung von Frischgewicht, Trockensubstanz und die Länge der oberirdischen Pflanzenteile bei Weizen in Kulturen mit destilliertem Wasser. Die Wachstumsstimulierung war hier so wie im Lichte mit einem signifikant niedrigeren Spiegel der einzelnen freien Zucker verbunden.
2. Im Dunkeln wurde jedoch keine signifikante Stimulierung des Wurzel-wachstums unter dem Einfluss von Humussäure festgestellt, wie es im Lichte der Fall war. Ebensowenig wurde in der Erstblattphase eine hohe Ansammlung von freien Zuckern in den Wurzeln bei der Variante Humussäre-destilliertes Wasser beobachtet, wie es im Lichte der Fall war. Der Zuckerspiegel war hier sogar niedriger als in den oberiridischen Pflanzenteilen.
3. Die Anwesenheit von Mineralnährstoffen in den Kulturen nahm bei beiden Pflanzenteilen der stimulierenden Einwirkung der Humussäure auf das Wachstum die Wirkung wie bei den Versuchen im Lichte. Ähnlich verhielt sich der Zuckerspiegel. Die Anwesenheit von Humussäure in der Nährlösung war mit einem niedrigeren Zuckerspiegel verbunden; stark beweiskräftige Unterschiede bestanden aber nur zwischen Pflanzen der Varianten mit destilliertem Wasser. Bei Wurzeln im Dunkeln stellten wir eine höhere Maltosemenge im Vergleiche mit Wurzeln aus Lichtversuchen fest.
4. Der Einfluss des Lichtes auf die oberirdischen Pflanzenteile und die Wurzeln im Zusammenhange mit Wachstum, Pflanzenstoffwechsel und dem Einfluss der Humussäure wird diskutiert.
5. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass die Reaktion der Wurzeln auf die Einwirkung von Humussäure in bezug auf Wachstum sowie die Spiegel der einzelnen Zucker wie im Lichte deutliche Unterschiede zeigt. Die Mitwirkung der photosynthetischen Vorgänge in den Blättern bei der Beeinflussung der physiologischen Vorgänge in den Wurzeln durch Humussäure ist zu erwägen.

The effect of photoperiodic inhibition on the course of development was demonstrated by changes in the length of the sheath and the lamina, the lamina being more affected than the sheath. In a number of variants with different initiation of photoperiodic inhibition, an elongation or shortening of the sheath and the lamina of the three top leaves was observed compared with corresponding control leaves. The shortening occurred in leaves which developed beyond the normal number of the original bracts. This was the case with variants with very early inhibitions. Variants with later inhibition had on the one hand abnormally reduced leaves with imperfectly developed spikes, on the other hand elongated leaves whose length resembled that of ontogenetically younger, lower leaves. The suitability of the morphology of leaves for the investigation of the course of plant development is discussed.

Decapitated seedlings ofLinum andPisum treated with TIBA paste either above or below the cotyledons, showed different morphogenetic changes especially on the epicotyl stumps, due to the differences in the correlations of their epigeous and hypogeous cotyledons respectively, these being also primarily responsible for the differing dominance of their shoot primordia.
At the earliest phases of germination, an antagonism between TIBA and IAA can be demonstrated on the first internode inLinum, which is usually very short, as well as on the petioles of thePisum cotyledons. The former could be enlarged only by treatingLinum seeds, even when ripening on the plant, with TIBA paste and the latter, if retained by soaking seeds ofPisum in a TIBA solution could be promoted by exogenous IAA. This, on the contrary, reversed the morphogenetic effects of TIBA uponLinum seeds.

1. A method of "measuring strips" for the investigation of the sap exudation of crops under field conditions is described. The quantity of liquid exuded from the detopped stem stump is determined from the length of a wetted zone of a narrow strip of filter paper protected against evaporation of the liquid by a polyethylene cover bag. The strips with the cover bags can be used even to collect greater amounts of exudated liquid.
2. Using this method, the sap exudation of detopped maize plants was observed during the whole growing season. On typical curves illustrating the course of the wetting of the measuring strips, the temporary absorption of the sap from the cells and conducting elements severed by the cut, the lag in exudation and the actual sap exudation can be distinguished.
3. The length of the lag period indicates the magnitude of the momentary water deficit of the investigated plant and the rate of sap exudation indicates the availability of soil moisture.
4. The rate of sap exudation reached its maximum at the end of June and then decreased gradually. In this period also the distinct lag periods were first observed. The occurence of shorter lag periods between the 5th and 29th July, i.e. in the shooting stage which from the standpoint of precipitation is critical for the height of yield, signifies that the critical stage probably coincides with the period in which the natural disproportion between available soil moisture and transpiration may become important.
5. During the period of long lags towards the end of the growing season, the measuring strips were fastened upon the plant stumps 24 hours after the decapitation. The "exudation after 24 hours" determined in this way indicates a significant decrease at the end of August when the soil moisture dropped to a value approaching the permanent wilting percentage.
6. The results have shown that the method of "measuring strips" permits an easy and sensitive evaluation of the water relations of maize plants growing under field conditions.

From the roots ofCucurbita pepo L. an acetone preparation was obtained with a polyphenol-oxidase activity towards pyrogallol, less marked towards pyrocatechin and DOPA. It is competitively inhibited by DIECA and KCN, but is not indibited by NaN₃, which is evidence that it is a copper enzyme of the polyphenol oxidase type. No quantitative differences between the two variants "NS" and "-Ca" were found nor qualitative differences expressed by the affinity for the substrate.

Analyses of free amino acids and amides in the axial parts of apple-trees with and without flower-bud initiation were carried out. The results obtained mostly on the basis of investigations carried out during a single vegetation season, indicate that the ratio and content of free amino acids and amides in the axial parts of apple-trees are influenced primarily by the growth of the axial parts and by nitrogen supply to the roots. These findings are in agreement with the results of Oland (1959). In fruit-bearing trees a high content of free amino acids and amides could be demonstrated, together with an increased ratio of soluble to insoluble nitrogenous compounds solely in the fruit-bearing new cluster bases (bourses). This finding is in accord with the results of Haeley and co-workers (1942). No apparent relationship could be established between the content and ratio of free amino acids and amides, and the ratio between soluble and insoluble nitrogen compounds on the one hand, and flower-bud initiation, on the other. The investigation is being continued.

The influence of 6-benzylaminopurine on the respiration of apple buds of the Boskoop variety for 5 days after application of kinine was observed. It was discovered that the consumption of oxygen determined by the direct method of Warburg is higher from the first day after application of 6-benzyl-amonipurine and the increase is continually more marked up to the fifth day, when the consumption of oxygen in stimulated buds is 75 per cent higher than in the control buds.

Wenn wir die Keimwurzeln der Puffbohne (Vicia faba L.) chloralisieren und später die Seitenwurzeln untersuchen, die in ihren chloralisierten Zonen entstanden, sehen wir, dass sich alle in einem verschiedenen Grade der Mixoploidie befinden (Němec 1961). Nach einer fünffachen Chloralisierung enthielten sie allermeist etwa bis zu einem Drittel polyploide Zellen, doch gibt es auch Vegetationsspitzen, die bis zu vier Fünftel polyploide Zellen enthalten. Die Zellen der Wurzelspitzen der Puffbohne ertragen unter dem Einfluss der Chloralisierung eine Erhöhung der Chromosomenzahl nur etwa auf 32n; solche Zellen können sich noch einigemale teilen, dann aber sterben sie früher oder später ab. Eine Restitution der mixoploiden Wurzelspitzen, sei es nun nach einer Dekapitierung oder nach einem Längsschnitt in die Vegetationsspitzen, geht normal vor sich und es beteiligen sich an ihr harmonisch diploide wie polyploide Zellen. Es ist nicht beobachtet worden, dass die polyploiden Zellen vielleicht aus dem Restitutionsvorgang ausgeschlossen worden wären oder dass es zu unregelmässigen Wucherungen gekommen wäre. Die mixoploide Spitze verhält sich bei der Restitution wie ein ganzes, einheitliches, lebendes Organ.

The cluster bases (bourses) in each case had a higher content of total nitrogen and both absolute and relative soluble organic nitrogen than the new secondary growth of cluster bases on trees both with fruit and without fruit than new spurs on trees with fruit. This higher content of total and soluble nitrogen is primarily a feature of the organ and has no connection with the initiation of flower buds. The secondary growth of cluster bases on the trees with fruit never had a significantly higher content of soluble nitrogen than the new secondary growth of cluster bases and new growth of spurs on trees without fruit. In all apple varieties observed the same qualitative pattern of free amino acids and amides was determined and a similar ratio of free amino acids and amides in the corresponding axial parts. The highest amount of free amino acids and amides-especially asparagine and arginine-was determined in the cluster bases. Arginine was accumulated in large quantities in the cluster bases much earlier than in the secondary growth of cluster bases or in the new growth of spurs. An accumulation of arginine and asparagine occurred in the cluster bases even when the supply of nitrogen was insufficient, in the secondary growths of cluster bases, however, their content was very low during nitrogen deficiency. The content of glutamine and sometimes threonine in cluster bases with fruit was also considerably increased. There was more glutamic acid, glutamine and sometimes threonine too in younger axils than in older ones already lignified.
From results given in this work it can be concluded that there is no obvious relation between the content and proportion of soluble and insoluble nitrogen in the spurs of apple trees on the one hand and the initiating of flower buds on the other. Neither was any obvious relation determined between the content of free amino acids and amides in the axillary parts of apple trees under observation and the initiating of flower buds.

The results are discussed of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the protein characters of seed-enclosed cotyledons and of hypocotyls + roots (of the primary root) of germinated seeds of the following species:Phaseolus vulgaris L.,Phaseolus coccineus L.,Phaseolus lunatus L.,Phaseolus aureus Roxb.
1. A practically identical phaseolin was found in the cotyledonsof Phaseolus vulgaris L. andPhaseolus coccineus L., being absent inPhaseolus lunatus L. andPhaseolus aureus ROXB.
2. A protein component described as Phaseolus protein III was found in the hypocotyl + root ofPhaseolus vulgaris L.,Phaseolus coccineus L. andPhaseolus lunatus L.; it was absent inPhaseolus aureus Roxb.
3. The inequality of breadth of taxonic (group) specificity of the protein characters has been confirmed anew. This fact is discussed in connection with the relative phylogenetic age of the characters, On the basis of the results obtained a developmental scheme of the studied species is proposed.

The indirect influence of irradiation on the production of anthocyanins in the blossoms of red balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.) was investigated. After 18 hrs. of swelling, seeds were irradiated with 4560 r and then changes in the anthocyanin content of blossoms were examined. In X₀ three out of four lines tested displayed a marked increase in anthocyanin content by 18%, 18% and 29%. In X₁ the quantitative content of anthocyanins either equalled that of the controls or was lower, in X₂ a significant decrease in anthocyanin content in all the lines was observed. We are apparently dealing here with a physiological effect of the type of "prolonged modifications".
In X₁ several plants with pink flowers appeared (3.4%). It is assumed that this is not due to a segregation caused by heterozygous material (the controls did not show this effect) but rather to a recessive mutation brought about by irradiation, which became apparent only in X₁.

1. Suppressors were found in reciprocal crosses of some varieties of barley for the manifestation of recessive and dominant alternatives of the following characters: number of rows of the spike, presence or absence of glumes, character of awns and formation of the spike basis.
2. A proof of the existence of suppressors is presented merely statistically on the basis of segregation ratios in the F₂ generation, in the total F₃ generation and in the individual segregating progenies of plants from the F₂ generation and in the back crosses.
3. It was confirmed that the inheritance of the characters investigated is independent in spite of the fact that the segregation ratios are complicated by the participation of suppressors.
4. Separated cultivation of individual progenies from hybrid seeds formed on the mother plant was shown to be very suitable and efficient in hybridization experiments of this type.
5. The significance of the participation of the suppressors in the inheritance of the characters studied is pointed out with respect to the practical breeding of barley.

The reaction ofSolanum tuberosum L. after the irradiation of isolated sprouts was examined. A dose causing marked changes was sought. After a dose of 1,000 r, deformations began to appear in the tuber and stem, which increased with higher doses. Deformations of the tuber were observed after a dose of 250 r. In hybrids 4/50, nests of red-skinned potatoes were found. This property is partly preserved during the subsequent generation. The material is being further examined.

The effect of CO₂ on the plasmatic structure of root-hairs of wheat and barley and the epidermal cells of onion was observed. The results were evaluated on living material with the aid of phase contrast. The root-hairs of barley and the epidermis of onion react to short exposure to an atmosphere of CO₂ by a cessation in the flow of plasma, a lengthening of the mitochondria and a rounding of the plastids.
When the influence of CO₂ lasts longer, it causes fragmentation of the mitochondria. In this phase the cells recover most quickly from the shock caused by their exposure to CO₂. When the plant is under the influence of CO₂ for too long a time, the effect is lethal. The root-hairs of wheat, which have mainly granulated mitochondria, reacted after only 40 minutes in CO₂ by a rolling-up of all the plasmatic particles.
This observation agrees with the results obtained on permanent preparations in the former work and leads to the conjecture, that by fragmentation of the mitochondria, the cell adapts itself to inhibited respiratory conditions.

1. The differences in the dynamics of the origin and further development of the water saturation deficit (WSD) in leaves of different age from 100- to 120-day-old plants of fodder cabbage and rape were investigated.
2. WSD in leaves of different age detached from plants and wilting without water supply develops most quickly in young and most slowly in old leaves. This is in basic agreement with differences in transpiration rate.
3. When entire plants are cut off, leaves of different age wilt at the same rate. In the later phases of wilting, (i.e. at a WSD value of over 20 to 30%) slightly higher WSD values were found in old leaves.
4. During slow wilting of plantsin situ, induced by decreasing soil moisture, a definite preference of young leaves in water supply was determined commencing from medium WSD values, i.e. on an average from 8 to 20%. During total lack of water in the plant, old and adult leaves wilt markedly and die off; the WSD of young leaves remains for a long time at comparatively low values.
5. In the observed preference of young leaves, the translocation of water to young leaves from the wilting older leaves takes a part.

After the application of a fractionated X-ray dose toArabidopsis thaliana L. (Heynh.) plants, chlorine type mutations (simple recessive -cc- as compared with the normal type -CC-) characterised by changed proportions of chlorophyll colouring matter as well as a decreased leaf area, retarded development in the initial phase and a substantially longer vegetative cycle, make themselves apparent. In the course of future generations, however, these characteristics change in the direction of normal types and stabilise in the sixth generation. A genetical and cytological evaluation of this manifestation showed that this mutation is connected with lesser number of plastids in the assimilative tissues. This number remains standard in all generations of the chlorine type, but on the other hand, the size of the plastids increases.

The intensity of photosynthesis and the content of chlorophyll were estimated in disks cut out from different areas of fodder cabbage leaves (var. Coulet de Flandre). The content of chlorophyll per unit area was higher in the apical than in the basal part and in the central than in the peripheral part of the leaf. No significant differences were observed in the intensity of photosynthesis in samples removed from different parts of the leaf. The intensity of photosynthesis is not directly proportional to the dry weight of the sample although the dry weight per unit area is considerably higher in the apical than in the basal part of the leaf area.

The localization of the non-specific esterase was studied by azo- coupling methods (α nyphtyl acetate or naphtol AS acetate + fast blue RR) in the root tip of the broad bean Vicia faba L. on transverse sections at different distances from the apex. With AS acetate both on frozen sections of material fixed with Baker's calcium-formol and on sections of paraffin-embedded objects, fixed with modified Wolman's acidified alcohol a positive reaction was observed in central cylinder. Different localization was observed on Baker-fixed frozen and on Wolman-fixed paraffin embedded material with a acetate. On Wolman-fixed material an intensive staining appeared in root cap and within phloem poles of central cylinder, whereas on Baker-fixed objects the inner layers of primary core were the most intensively active. Thus, our previous results have been proved and further developed.

Blätter von Nicotiana tabacum var. Xanthi-nc, die mit Gurkenmosaikvirus (CMV) systemisch infiziert worden waren, wurden mit TabakmosaikvirusPurifikat (TMV) beimpft. Beim Vergleich mit den Kontrollpflanzen wurde unter dem Einfluss von CMV eine Herabsetzung der Susceptibilität für TMV beobachtet: Die Anzahl der Läsionen sank um 64-83%; die Läsionen wuchsen langsamer und die TMV-Konzentration lag bei ihnen (im Vergleich mit der Kontrolle nach einer sechstägigen TMV-Reproduktion) um 72-90% tiefer. Interferenzerscheinungen sind nicht beobachtet worden bei einem Zeitabstand von nur sieben Tagen zwischen den Infektionen beider Viren, wurden aber bei einem Zeitintervall zwischen den Inokulierungen mit beiden Viren von 19, 34, 40 und 68 Tagen beobachtet. Die Blattgewebe von N. tabacum

Seeds of apple and pear trees were found to contain 0-5-0-7% tryptophane expressed per dry weight. The hydrolyzate of the seeds contained tryptophane demonstrable microbiologically. Exogenous tryptophane applied to apple-tree shoots toward the end of the vegetation season gives rise to a new compound. Its R_F in isopropanol : ammonia : water (10 : 1 : 1) was found to be 0.08, in butanol : acetic acid : water (4:1:5) 0.25.

Wenn wir eine Keimwurzel der Puffbohne (Vicia faba L.) mehreremale nacheinander chloralisieren, entsteht in der Aussenschicht des Pleroms und in der Innenschicht des Periblems eine grosse Anzahl polyploider Zellen, die ein unregelmässiges Mosaik bilden, aus welchem ein transversales Meristem mixoploider Seitenwurzeln entsteht. An der Entstehung einer jeden von ihnen beteiligen sich durchschnittlich ungefähr dreissig Zellen und als Folge ihrer Tätigkeit durch-laufen die Wurzel neben diploiden noch einige polyploide Stränge oder Sektoren. Die Initialen der Seitenwurzeln können zweiseitig wie ein Kambium wirksam sein oder einseitig Zellen nur für die Wurzelhaube oder nur für die eigentliche Wurzel abteilen. An der Anlage von Seitenwurzeln können sich in chloralisierten Hauptwurzeln mehrere Zellschichten beteiligen. Im Laufe der Entwicklung mixoploider Wurzeln kann manche Schichte von Initialen durch eine benachbarte Schichte ersetzt werden, wodurch der weitere Verlauf des einen oder anderen Stranges oder Sektors im Wurzelscheitel eingestellt werden kann. Diploides und mixoploides Gewebe kann sich im Wurzelquerschnitt sehr unregelmässig verteilt äussern. Dennoch können mixoploide Wurzeln eine im ganzen normale äussere Form besitzen; die Unregelmässigkeiten entstehen durch die Ausschaltung polyploider Rippen aus der weiteren Entwicklung der Wurzel oder bei eutelischen und amorphen Stämmen. In Wurzeln, in denen polyploide Zellen in der Minderzahl sind, wirken sie als fremde Elemente und werden auf verschiedene Weise aus der weiteren Entwicklung des Scheitels ausgeschlossen. In den Wurzeln geht eine Art Selbstreinigung vor sich, die zu ihrer Diploidisierung führen kann; es ist aber wahrscheinlich, dass in den Scheiteln, die sich grösstenteils aus polyploiden Zellen zusammensetzen, ein umgekehrter Vorgang vor sich gehen kann, der zu ihrer völligen Polyploidisierung führt.

In the course of seven years, mutual compatibility relations in 16 Sweet Cherry cultivars, grown in Czechoslovakia were investigated. Successful pollinations were evaluated according to the percentage of fully ripe fruits. The results obtained are summarized in Table l.The fertility as well as the pollinating ability of the individual cultivars are recorded in Table 2.
It was found that the cultivar Emperor Francis, cultivated in this country, differs from the variety of the same name grown in Western Europe, belonging to another incompatibility group and thus being also of another genotype. It must therefore be designated as Emperor Francis B. It is incompatible with Bigarreau Noir de Winkler, belonging to incompatibility group II (genotype S¹S³).
All remaining cultivars investigated are mutually compatible. Therefore, when larger plantings of these cultivars are to be established, only the time of flowering should be considered.
Further, the conditions are discussed which may cause repeated incompatibility in one direction only. The probable cause lies in flower biology (i.e. the age of blossoms of maternal plant) not in genotypic constitution.

Für eine Unterscheidung vonAgrobacterium tumefaciens undAgrobacterium rhizogenes sind drei geeignete Differenzialpflanzen gefunden worden.
1. Bryophyllum diagremontiana reagiert auf Agrobacterium tumefaciens mit der Bildung von Tumoren 32 Tage nach der Beimpfung und durch eine Stimulierung des Wuchses der Würzelchen am Rande der Tumoren (nach 52 Tagen). Bei Bryophyllum tubiflorum beträgt die Inkubationsfrist der Tumoren und der Würzelchen 30 Tage. Solanum laciniatum weist eine Inkubationsfrist für Tumoren von 15 Tagen auf, aber es kommt zu keiner Stimulierung des Würzeichenwachstums.
2. Nach einer Inokulierung mit Agrobacterium rhizogenes weisen alle drei Pflanzenarten gleiche Kennzeichen auf; Stimulierung der Würzelchen; aber die Inkubationsfrist ist verschieden (36-52 Tage), doch kommt es zu keiner Tumorbildung mehr.
3. Nach der Inokulierung mit einer Mischung von Agrobacterium tumefaciens und Agrobacterium rhizogenes bildeten sich bei Bryophyllum diagremontiana an der Impfstelle kleinere Tumoren, als bei ausschliesslicher Verwendung des Stammes Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Die Würzelchen durchwuchsen jedoch unmittelbar den Tumor. Bei Bryophyllum tubiflorum und Solanum laciniatum stimuliert die angegebene Mischung nur das Wachstum von Tumoren, die kleiner sind, als die von Agrobacterum tumefaciens hervorgerufenen und eine körnige Oberfläche haben; zu einer Stimulierung eines Würzeichenwachstums kommt es nicht.
4. Pflanzen von Bryophyllum diagremontiana wurden dekapitiert und die Schnittfläche mit Agrobacterium tumefaciens beimpft. So kam es zu einer starken Tumorbildung und zur Inhibierung des Wachstums der Achsenknospen des obersten Internodiums sowie zu seiner auffälligen Verdickung. Nach einer Inokulierung mit Agrobacterium rhizogenes kam es weder zu einer Würzelchen- noch zu einer Tumorbildung, das dekapitierte Internodium blieb am Leben, während es bei den Kontrollpflanzen eintrocknete. Nach einer Beimpfung mit einer Mischung beider Bakterien blieben die Tumoren kleiner und waren manchmal mit Würzelchen versehen, aber zu einer Verdickung des Internodiums kam es nicht.

Potassium humate stimulated growth of wheat, increased the activity of phosphatase in the leaves and roots and and the activity of catalase in the roots.
A higher temperature (30° C) during cultivation caused a decline in the activity of phosphatase in the roots and leaves and a decline in the activity of catalase in the leaves. Anaesthetization of the embryos with chloroform retarded growth, increased the activity of the phosphatase only during the first days and increased the activity of the catalase. Similarly, removal of the endosperm caused growth to slow down. Wheat cultivated in this way had increased activity of catalase and phosphatase. The activity of phosphatase in the leaves of all variants and controls, was substantially lower than in the roots as compared with catalase, which was several times as active in the leaves as in the roots. Activity of catalase in both leaves and roots declined, in most cases, with age. Catalase activity declined with age only in the roots while it increased in the leaves.
The activity of the catalase is probably less dependent on the growth rate and depends rather on nutrition, the formation of chlorophyl, photosynthetic activity and like that. From both sources of reference and our experimental results, it can be seen that no simple relation exists between the activity of observed enzymes and the growth rate; the relationship is more complicated.

An investigation was made as to whether the cultivation conditions of algae affect their respiratory metabolism. Chlorella pyrenoidosa (82), Scenedesmus obliquus (125) and Euglena gracilis (259) were cultivated both in a static and shaken culture.
It was found that shaking considerably affects the respiratory metabolism of algae. The shaken cultures, in contrast to the static ones, display a higher O₂ consumption and have mostly a different RQ. It is possible that the differences observed are due to accelerated development and ageing of the shaken cultures.
It thus appears that shaking is an important factor in cultivation which must be taken into account during growth of experimental material. The values of RQ found here to be about 1-3 point to the fact that anaerobic glycolytic processes can proceed even under fully aerobic conditions. The culture of Scenedesmus obliquus (125) appears to have a less adaptable metabolism and does not respond to environmental changes as readily as Euglena gracilis or Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

The authors submit the results of a chromatographic determination of free amino acids and protein fractions, soluble in ethanol and alkali, and insoluble, in the flower and vegetative buds of two almond varieties showing a different frost-resistance i.e. Non-plus-ultra and Vochtchaberdi. The buds were removed at different times between autumn (20.9.59) and spring (31.3.60). The Chromatographie determination of amino acids in buds showed the following:
1. During the autumn-winter season there is a clearly perceptible difference in the content and pattern of amino acids of almost all fractions in flower and vegetative buds. The sharpest difference is found in the content and pattern of free amino acids and protein fractions soluble in ethanol, while in those soluble in alkali and insoluble, it is less.
2. The difference in the amino acid content in the buds disappears during the spring when they are bursting and growing.
3. In the almond Vochtchaberdi which is highly frost-resistant, preparation for the winter begins earlier than in the Non-plus-ultra, a variety with a weak frost-resistance. An earlier increase of the number of amino acids and total amino-acid content of the buds is indicative of this fact.