In addition to the oat sterile-dwarf virus (OSDV) as the main agent causing grave damage to cereal crops in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands during 1954-56, when the disease reached catastrophic proportions, it was found that wheat striate virus (WSV) also played a part. Symptomatological study showed that there are characteristic differences between the effect of WSV on the host plants and that of OSDV. Similarly to OSDV, however, WSV is specifically spread by the leafhopperCalligypona pellucida Fabr. Following long-term individual testing of vectors taken from localities infested with OSDV and WSV, four groups of insects were distinguished according to their pathogenic effects on cereal crops: 1. nonpathogenic, 2. producing OSDV symptoms, 3. producing WSV symptoms, 4. producing for the most part OSDV symptoms, but occasionally WSV or symptoms characteristic for both viruses simultaneously. WSV is persistent in its vector and is transferred byC. pellucida larvae at different stages of development and by imagos of both sexes. WSV tends to be transferred less regularly than OSDV. Considerable differences in efficiency of carrying WSV are to be found between individual leafhoppers, so that it is possible to assume the existence of races with varying efficiency in this respect. Among field populations in this country less efficient races prevail. For the transmission of WSV to be effected it was necessary for the vector to remain on the host for at least nine hours, but it seems that a shorter period might suffice. Extracts of crushed leaves of wheat plants suffering from the striate disease and from infective leafhoppers failed to cause infection when inoculated mechanically (by rubbing, injection) into plants. Attempts to achieve transmission through the soil or by dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) gave negative results. It was not possible to determine the thermal inactivation point of the virus in the live vector. The mosaic (zakuklivanie) virus of oat and the Russian mosaic of winter wheat as described in the U.S.S.R. differ from OSDV and WSV among other points by the production of typical inclusions and by the fact that they can easily be induced to crystallize.

The persistent nature of oat sterile-dwarf virus (OSDV) and wheat striate virus (WSV) has also been examined in an experiment using larvae of the vectorCalligypona pellucida Fabr. These larvae were grown from eggs under conditions excluding the possibility of their contamination by feeding on virus-infected plants. The eggs were from females of a population in which preliminary tests had shown that 14.4% of the individuals were non-infected, 61.2% infected with OSDV, 1.9% infected with WSV and 22.5% infected with OSDV and WSV simultaneously. Several months of individual examination of the infectivity of control larvae, which had never had the opportunity to feed on virus-infected plants, showed that none of them transmitted OSDV, although their parents were infected with it to a high degree (83.7%). On the other hand, 14.9% of the insects transmitted WSV, with which their parents were infected to a lesser degree (24.4%). Thus the larvae concerned must have acquired WSV transovarially from the female parents, and this must have taken place in a high proportion of cases. This remarkable characteristic enabled WSV to be separated from OSDV, with which it often occurs in Czechoslovakia. Larvae which went through acquisition feeding on WSV-infected oats showed, as compared with the control, a 61.6% increase of infectivity after a period corresponding to 26 to 34 days' circulation period of the virus in the vector's body and an increase of 98.2% after a circulation period lasting 40 to 51 days. Evidently mutual antagonism between OSDV and WSV in the body of the vector does not arise, since the infection of a leafhopper with one virus does not seem to prevent its infection with the other. Cross protection between OSDV and WSV in the host cereals either does not exist or is quite insignificant, because the hosts can suffer from both viruses at the same time. However, the symptoms of one virus can be masked to a varying degree by the symptoms of the other.

A description is given of the production of two types of chimera between tomato and nightshade (Solanum koelreuterianum Winkler andS. geartnerianum Winkler).
In the case ofS. gaertnerianum the micromorphological and anatomical characters showed no signs of the significant specific reciprocal effect of one tissue on the other.
The seed progeny of theS. gaertnerianum chimera resembled the control nightshade plants in all the characters investigated.
The following characters were studied: Size of stomata, shape of stomata, shape of trichomes, fruit epidermis, section through the petiole, section through the leaf blade and number of seeds.

1. It was found that fluoride has a more pronounced inhibitory effect on the respiration of wheat leaves in plants grown in a solution of gibberellic acid than on that of control plants grown in water, during the entire development of the first leaf.
2. Respiration is markedly inhibited even in old leaves of gibberellintreated plants while the respiration of equally old control plants is stimulated by fluoride by 10-100%.
3. It is assumed that the shift in the equilibrium of respiratory pathways to glycolysis, as is indicated by respiration experiments, is associated with the growth effect of gibberellic acid.

Chlorophyll formation in etiolated seedlings of wheat and maize, grown for 8 days on Knop's nutrient solution with 10μg. gibberellic acid (further GA) added per ml. was investigated and compared with control plants. Under the light of fluorescent tubes of an intensity of 3000 lux a significant decrease in the amount of chlorophyll (a+b) was observed at all time intervals from 0 to 24 hr., expressed both per dry weight and per leaf length. Experimental results indicate a decreased rate of chlorophyll formation in the presence of GA.
At the same time, a lower content of carotenoids was found in etiolated plants than in controls grown in absence of GA.
The colorimetric determination of the pigments was accompanied by paper chromatography which served as a control of quality and approximate amount of pigments.

Humus acid (Humussäure Riedel de Haen AG. Seelze Hannover) in 0.01% concentration increases the respiration intensity of plant roots grown in water cultures both as regards O₂ consumption and CO₂ production, while RQ (CO₂:O₂) is only very slightly increased. The plants used in these experiments were the winter wheat Pyšelka (Triticum vulgare Vill.), maize Zaj íček's "Český koňský zub" (Zea mays L.) and the gourd Veltrusská velkoplodá (Cucurbita maxima L.). O₂ consumption and CO₂ production were determined on separated root tips by the direct Warburg method. It was found that the effect of humus acid is not only to increase respiration intensity in the roots of the experimental plants, but also their lengths and dry weights (for all experimental plants); for maize and gourd the dry weights of overground parts were also increased, which indicates that increased respiration intensity was linked with more intensive growth of the plants.

1. While studying the inhibitory effects of cadmium ions on the reproduction of tobacco mosaic virus in vivo it was found that a dose of 160 mg. Cd²⁺ applied in two waterings to one plant (immediately before inoculation and the third day following inoculation) produced an average 70% inhibition, without in any way injuring the plants themselves.
2. The inhibitory effect of cadmium ions decreased considerably when the plants were watered with a cadmium ion solution 24 hours before inoculation.
3. The differences in the course of primary infection, as followed by means of iodine tests, were particularly apparent in the following respects: starch is lost from the infected leaves of the experimental plants more slowly, the development of chlorotic spots is slowed down and their delimitation and structure are not so sharp.
4. On some leaves of young tobacco plants (N. tabacum Samsun) larger doses of cadmium produce spots, which resemble the necrotic lesions on leaves ofN. glutinosa following infection with TMV.
5. Preliminary determination indicates that cadmium ions cause a disturbance of phosphorus metabolism.
6. In the discussion it is suggested that the inhibitory effect of cadmium ions on the reproduction of TMV may, analogically to the conception existing in animal physiology, be connected with the interaction of zinc and cadmium ions in nucleoprotein metabolism.

In homogenates of parts of the plantsCirsium arvense SCOP.,Cineraria hybrida hort.,Reseda odorata L.,Taraxacum officinale WEB. andGladiolus imbricatus L., infected by aster yellows, and inCuscuta europea L., which transferred the aster yellows virus from.Cirsium arvense toPetunia hybrida, similar spherical (polygonal) particles of 30-50 millimicrons, most frequently 35-40 millimicrons, were found. Comparison with homogenates from healthy plants showed that these may be considered to be virospores of the aster yellows virus.

1. The influence of varying concentrations of gibberellic acid on seedlings of wheat, lettuce and oats (up 10 days old) was observed and optimal concentration of 10 to 100 μg GA/ml. was established. Biometric evaluation of the experiments showed significant stimulation of the overground parts with all concentrations used (0.1 to 100 μg. GA/ml.) and significant inhibition of bhe roots with concentrations 1 to 100 μg. GA/ml.
2. For lettuce only the concentration 10 μg. GA/ml. was used. In this case, too, increase in length of overground parts was significant and inhibition of root growth was observed. For oats the stimulating effect of GA was recorded for both overground parts and roots.
3. Fresh weight of wheat was stimulated only by concentrations of 100 μg. GA/ml. In the case of lettuce (where values of fresh and dry weight were taken for the whole plant) we found a marked stimulation of fresh weight and a somewhat smaller increase in dry weight.
4. Observation of the dynamics of growth in length of overground parts and roots and increase or fresh and dry weight in lettuce showed a mutual relation between the values recorded in control and experimental plants in the period of 4 to 10 days following germination.

We have confirmed data regarding the action of γ-hexachlorcyclohexane as an agent inducing polyploidy, established a simple method of its application, determined the extend of its effect and found out whether it would be possible to replace the colchicine technique by a more accesible method of γ-HCH application. The method resulting from preliminary experiments with onion and lettuce was later applied to species and varieties of a number of plants (see list). The activity of γ-HCH as an agent inducing polyploidy was confirmed by the experiments. A method of sowing seeds in a damp film of γ-HCH was projected forLinum usitatissimum, Viola tricolor maxima aLactuca sativa. It seems probable that the use of γ-HCH instead colchicine pretreatment will be possible in cytological technique.

Results of the action of low doses of gamma irradiation, intensity 1-80 to 0-24 r/day, are recorded in this paper. Irradiation was carried out on a gamma field with a 0-50 g. equiv. Ra Co⁶⁰ source throughout the whole vegetative cycle.Trifolium pratense var. Jičínský was chosen as the experimental material. Growth and the yield of green matter was followed both on individually bedded out plants and on sown plots. Results of the measurement and weighing of the plants were statistically evaluated by means of the t-test and analysis of variation. Small, daily radiation doses (1.80-0.30 r per day) produced a significant stimulatory effect which was evidenced in the greater height of the irradiated plants as compared with the controls and a higher yield of green matter. In conclusion the paper deals with work that has already been carried out in this field. Experiments and measurements have shown that low doses of chronic gamma radiation are capable of stimulating plant growth. This work is confirmed by result obtained by Breslavets, Berezina and Shchibrya (1956) on other material.

The metabolism of exogenous tryptophane (3. 10^-2M) and β-indoleacetic acid (3. 10^-2M) in extirpated wheat embryos was studied chromatographically and electrophoretically.
It was established that the external application of β-indoleacetic acid in wheat embryos leads to the formation of its complex, indoleacetylaspartic acid. Chromatographical demonstration of the components of the complex was made foliowing alkaline hydrolysis.
A complex compound also arises from exogenous tryptophane, which again frees tryptophane following alkaline hydrolysis. The assumption has been put forward that this is malonyltryptophane, reported by Andreae and Good (Dannenburg andLiverman 1957). The isolated finding of a further substance may be mentioned, which possesses similar chromatographic properties to those of the indole complex-ascorbigen. For reasons so far unknown, this substance has not been isolated again in wheat plants.

In the course of experiments with leaf samples of pumpkin, sunflower, leafy fodder kale, sugar beet, tobacco, clover and begonia several, methods of storing material were compared with the object of determining the amount of chlorophyll (a+b) after 1 to 3 months. Chlorophyll analyses checked by paper chromatography provided evidence that the most reliable method of serial analyses is the following: Leaf discs are heated in very pure anhydrous acetone to its boiling point (with some MgCO₃ present), rapidly closed with a paraffin stopper and then kept in the dark at temperatures just above 0°C. 50 leaf samples can thus be prepared for storage within 30 minutes. The decrease in total chlorophyll (a+b) content after 28 days of storage does not exceed 5%, after 84 days of storage 10% of the initial value. Chemical conversions of chlorophyll take place here which do not appreciably affect the spectrum of the acetone extract. The method cannot be applied to plants with acid-reacting cell juice (begonia, red varieties of fodder kale and the like). Other practicable methods of storage (a different storage in acetone, storage of fresh samples at +2 to +3°C, drying at +50°C, storage at laboratory temperature) bring about more serious destruction of the pigments.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was sown at intervals from November to August. For each sowing the time of flowering was recorded for male and female plants separately. Male plants usually flowered earlier than female. When the period of daylight exceeds 14 hours, that is when the days are lengthening in April, the female plants stop flowering and continue their vegetative growth. They start flowering again when the days are shortening considerably, in August, when the daylight period is about 15 hours. The male plants flower even when the day is longer than 14 hours.
In experiments during which the plants were shaded it was found that reduction of light intensity leads to an increase in the number of female plants, particularly if shading is carried out in the early stages of the plant's development.
The occurrence of intersexual plants was observed only during the short day period (11 to 13 hours), when they composed 22-30% of the total. When the day exceeds 13 hours intersexual plants no longer develop.
The grafting of plants of varying sex did not produce any sexual change-probably due to the fact that the period of vegetative approximation was short.

This paper presents a summary of new evidence for regarding sterility and dwarfing of oats (OSDV) as a virus disease. Brief references are also made to the identification of a further virus in Czechoslovakia-the wheat striate virus (WSV). Both viruses are transmitted by the leafhopperCalligypona pellucida F. The wheat striate virus differs from the oat sterile-dwarf virus in that it can be passed transovarially by the infected females of the vector to their progeny. This characteristic, which made it possible for the two viruses to be separated from each other, was demonstrated for the first time for pathogenic viruses on the European continent in this case. OSDV can be transmitted by leafhopper larvae and adults. The time during which OSDV circulates in the vector's body is very variable; it is usually three to four weeks. The incubation period of OSDV was three to four weeks for oats, four to seven weeks for wheat and barley; rye only showed retarded growth after four weeks. For infection to take place it was necessary for the vector to remain for a minimum of half-an-hour on the test plant; 100% infection was obtained when the vector remained on the plant for three days. The injury inflicted by OSDV on the host does not increase proportionately either with the duration of the feeding period or with an increase in the number of vectors on the plant. Concentrated extracts of the crushed bodies of infectious leafhoppers produced no symptoms of disease, when rubbed or injected into oat plants. Nor were attempts to transfer OSDV and WSV through soil or dodder successful. OSDV was, however, transferred by grafting. Both viruses gave rise to characteristic symptoms inAvena fatua L. andPoa annua L. These findings are discussed from the etiological point of view.

1. Leaves of sugar-beet (Beta saccharifera), which had assimilated active carbon dioxide C¹⁴O₂, were subjected to the process of humification in soil. After three to five months of humification the dried soil was extracted with ether-alcohol, then with sodium or potassium hydroxide; the humic acids were separated from fulvic acids with hydrochloric acid. All fractions were radioactive.
2. Maize plants (Zea mays) grown in diluted Knop's solution with the addition of active humic acid showed radioactivity in the roots and leaves. There was, however, a marked difference between the roots and the leaves. While the activity of the roots after two to twelve days was about 100 to 200 cpm., that of the leaves was about 20 cpm. as calculated for one plant, or about 300 cpm./10 g. for roots and at the limits of measurement for leaves.
3. When a drop of solution and suspension of active humic acid was placed on the lower surface of the first leaf, it spread very little even in this leaf; the activity of the second and third leaves was at the limits of measurement after five days; the same applies to the roots.
4. Autoradiograms were fully in keeping with the results obtained with the counter. Roots were clearly marked and more or less intensely, while the leaves did not appear or appeared only as faint shadows.
5. These experiments do not resolve the question of whether unchanged humic acid penetrates into the cells. It can only be concluded, on the basis of these experiments, that if radioactive humic acid is added to water or to nutrient solution, radioactivity appears in the roots and later weakly in the leaves. If it is assumed that the activity measured in the plant organs was caused by humic acid applied direct, this means that it penetrates into the plant slowly, it is not accumulated and spreads throughout the plant slowly from the roots.

1. The relative suitability of three natural habitats ofGarex humilis was determined on the basis of dry matter production of individual plants at the end of the growing period. In the habitat which was found to be the most favourable from this point of view the lowest degree of ground cover by the plant concerned was also recorded. It is therefore possible "to assume that it is not only factors connected with the habitat that influence the occurrence ofCarex humilis under the given conditions.
2. A comparison of the course of the growth curve with changes in air temperature indicates that, for the initial growing period when soil humidity is adequate, temperature is probably the limiting factor.
3. The results of the cultivation experiments lead to the conclusion that the water factor has the strongest influence on growth in length and on increase in dry weight of the overground parts ofCarex humilis. Under the conditions obtaining in these experiments the influence of light intensity and of the chemical composition of the soil on growth were not found.

The paper describes a new strain of tobacco mosaic virus which has been named S-strain of TMV because of its characteristic stripe symptoms. The Al-strain of tobacco mosaic virus was used as the initial material.
In contrast to methods used hitherto the S-strain was obtained by interfering with the metabolism of the host plant by a change in the environment. (SvobodovÁ 1954, 1958). The usual hosts of tobacco mosaic virus were used, chiefly tobacco and tomato plants. These plants were cultivated under aseptic conditions on an agar medium in Erlenmeyer flasks with a reduced amount of nutrients, a shortened period of illumination and a limited air supply, so that they were stunted. Following the passage of the initial Al-strain of TMV through these dwarfed plants changes in symptoms appeared, which became apparent only after further passages through plants grown under normal conditions in a glass house in garden soil, where the virus once again had normal conditions for reproduction. Of the new symptoms obtained, only the most striking were further studied (the symptoms of S-strain). By means of alternating of the passage of the Al-strain of TMV from normal-to dwarfed-to normal plants grown under artificial nutrient conditions, i. e. a twice or thrice repeated sudden change of environment, the new strain (S-strain) was obtained five times in all and at different times of the year. From the symptomatic point of view no differences were found in the different repetitions of this change. The results were also the same for material from tomato plants and from tobacco of the Samsun variety.
The origin of the new strain was not caused only by the stuntedness of the host plants. It was also necessary to influence its metabolism by an abnormal environment (particularly insufficient air) in the Erlenmeyer flask before and after inoculation.
Following the reverse passage of the S-strain from plants grown normally in a glass house to dwarfed plants in an artificial environment no further changes occurred. Neither did the passage to ten other hosts grown normally on garden soil and in artificial nutrient produce any further change in symptoms. The S-strain has been maintained by a succession of continuous passages throughNicotiana tabacum Samsun for six years, and each year mass inoculation of a large number of plants is carried out. We therefore now consider the change to be permanent.
Indirect influencing of the virus through a change in the metabolism of the host plant sufficed for the induction of the new strain. Its symptoms appeared only after passage through normal unaffected plants, where the virus reproduction was not inhibited by the retarded growth of the host plant. There is a certain similarity in the emergence of the S-strain and the TM44-stram, obtained byPfanchuch et al., with X-ray irradiation. However, the initial material was the ordinary green strain of TMV.
The biological, chemical and other characteristics ascertained for S-strain and a comparison of these with the characteristics of the initial Al-strain and the ordinary green strain of TMV will be published later.

1. The symptoms caused by the S-strain(Svobodová 1954, 1958, 1959) were described for ten hosts and compared with those caused by the Al-strain and the ordinary green strain of the tobacco mosaic virus. In all the host plants tested the S-strain produces symptoms different from those caused by other strains.
2. A comparison of the incubation period and the effect on growth ofNicotiana tabacum Samsun, the behaviour onN. rustica and quantitative tests onN. glutinosa showed that the S-strain is the least pathogenic of all the strains compared.
3. Results of biological tests show the S-strain to be most similar to the ordinary green strain of tobacco mosaic virus, only serological and cross-protection tests indicate a closer relationship to the Al-strain, from which it developed.
4. The behaviour of the S-strain of TMV in expressed sap is similar to the behaviour of the ordinary green strain and of the Al-strain. The range of hosts for all three strains is also the same.Physalis alkekengi andP. Franchetti are to a certain extent differential hosts.
Thus biological tests show that the S-strain is a new strain of tobacco mosaic virus.